Motivations for immigration to American colonies Essay Example for Free

Inspirations for movement to American states Essay The main effective state in America was in Jamestown, Virginia, set up 1607. At the point when it was first established, the state contained just a few hundred individuals. During the 200 years that followed the populace expanded incredibly, due partially to huge movement from the Old World. By 1790 the province housed a little under 4,000,000 individuals. The high pace of migration originated from various helpers, including the people groups trust in a superior way of life than the one they encountered in the Old World, strict enthusiasm, less expensive land and higher wages for unskilled workers, and overpopulation in England. Ranchers and unskilled workers were pulled in to America by the possibility of higher wages and lower expenses of living. A large portion of these individuals were of the productive sortcraftsmen, yeomen ranchers, and little dealers (Document A). Since the New World looked for these kinds of workers to promote the economy and did not have an adequate number of them, the interest expanded, and with it the wages. The typical cost for basic items was additionally lower in light of the fact that the New World was practically uninhabited and there was a low interest for habitation as contrasted and England; in this manner, the expenses were lower. As indicated by William Penn, their work will be worth more than it is in England and their living will be less expensive. (Report 1). Strict sorts, particularly the Puritans, were attracted to America by the chance of changing over locals and spreading the message and way of life that they maintained to others through model. They sought after new spirits to be won for God. (David Cressy article). By setting up what they viewed as a perfect and devout network, these colonizers needed to manufacture another home for Christianity, reached out from its bounds of the Old World. Small time who brought individuals like this to America through his words was John Winthrop, who said that colonization would convey the advantage of administration to the Lord. (Report 3). Winthrop was a conspicuous pioneer of the English Puritans in their journey to the Massachusetts Bay to assemble such a state. Another inspiration for movement was the expectation of a superior way of life by the pioneers. Many left depressedregions looking for another beginning. (Record A). A few people felt abused by the English government andâ wanted opportunity from it. Additionally, numerous individuals who were prevented the benefit from claiming land possession in England accepted that they could satisfy this desire in the New World. As referenced previously, land was less expensive in America because of a genuinely low interest for it, which expanded the likelihood of one having the option to claim it. Accordingly, the chance of land possession and another beginning was a fascination for the colonizers. A portion of the individuals that emigrated, be that as it may, were not really roused to do as such by the attractions of the New World. Rather, overpopulation in England and weight from the administration pushed them out of the nation and into America. Since the pioneers of the provinces needed them to prosper and required occupants to accomplish this objective, the administration energized jobless or inert Englishmen to settle there. A huge number of Englishmen were constrained off the land and unwanted nomads turned into a typical sightconstituting an issue. (Archive 2). The answer for this issue was to dispatch the unwanted men off to America, which is the thing that the legislature did, and was a fractional explanation behind the populace blast. Various individuals were pulled in to the New World for various reasons, for example, the desire to claim land, better ones way of life, or advance Christianity. These attractions combined with overpopulation in England were the explanation that such a large number of individuals emigrated to pioneer America. The new region introduced an entire new domain of potential outcomes that England didn't offer, and thus, the jobless, troubled or potentially eager went there looking for fulfillment and something new. Different writing composed by instructed men of the period advanced resettlement and helped spread the news of these possibilities. These reasons are what represent the enormous number of that individuals moved to provincial America in the seventeenth century.

Development and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Improvement and Diversity Essay At the point when a youngster is imagined they start to create in the mother whom and keep on creating until adulthood. Today we take a gander at these turns of events and find better approaches to instruct youngsters that all create at various rates. Since forever kid advancement was disregarded and little consideration was paid to the points of interest in their initial capacities, for example, language use, and physical development that happens during youth and pre-adulthood. During the time there has been numerous individuals have thought of hypotheses that help the development of the improvement of youngsters. I will discuss one of these speculations here. B. F. Skinner, who completed test work predominantly in similar brain science from the 1930s to the 1950s, yet remained behaviorisms most popular scholar and type for all intents and purposes until his passing in 1990, built up a particular sort of behaviorist way of thinking, which came to be called radical behaviorism. He additionally professed to have discovered another variant of mental science, which he called conduct examination or the test investigation of conduct (Richard Culatta) The behaviorist hypothesis is a perspective that works on a rule of â€Å"stimulus-reaction. All conduct brought about by outside upgrades all conduct can be disclosed without the need to think about inside mental states or cognizance. Originators and significant donors of this hypothesis are John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner. The behaviorist hypothesis is dependent on positive and negative input to understudies in a study hall. It is an approach to prepare the understudies in learning the right way so they can continue moving onto the degree of their training. A model can be a mouse in an enclosure that is extremely parched. Well the mouse will do and give anything to get a shot of that enclosure to get something to drink however when it finds the taking care of container and see that it should simply push the little tab on the conclusion to get some water the mouse is fulfilled. The equivalent go for understudies and kids. Youngsters will battle like there's no tomorrow to attempt to escape whatever they don't care for however in the event that they see a prize toward the end they will remain with it to get the prize. This keeps them engaged and controlled simultaneously. There are three primary supporters of this hypothesis John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner. These three have all added to this hypothesis somehow. John B. Watson led look into on creatures, youngsters, and promoting to assist the hypothesis. Ivan Pavlov led inquire about on demeanor of youngsters, molding and automatic reflex activities. At long last B. F. Skinner designed his own way of thinking called radical behaviorism. These men have assisted with enhancing the hypothesis to assist us with comprehension children’s learn and advancement better so we can show them in better manners. Instruction is the thing that endures when what has been realized has been forgotten† (B. F. Skinner) The hypothesis of behaviorism can be utilized in a homeroom setting from numerous points of view. The manner in which it is utilized that will decide whether it works for the educator and the understudy or damages the instructor and the understudy. Giving youngsters objectives at an early age to achieve errands in the study hall can be a great thing. Youngsters consistently need an award for the things they do. They are instructed that at an early age with their folks while doing thing like getting their rooms and getting an award for that at home. Well that conveys into the study hall setting too. To remunerate understudies is giving them extremely positive input on their work numerous instructors utilize the star framework. An enormous diagram on the divider with all the student’s names and stars for the great work they have done. This gives understudies a little push to do their best since they need those stars so they can be glad or even get a compensation for the most stars. This is an extraordinary thought as a rule yet instructors should be cautious with this likewise in light of the fact that it can reverse discharge on them. In the event that you have an understudy that is a more slow student and doesn't get stars like the others this can hurt that understudy and their learning. Truly there has be negative criticism with positive input yet in the event that all the youngster gets is negative input it can prompt them simply surrendering and we don't need that. So we need to walk an almost negligible difference with regards to utilizing various procedures in the study hall. All understudies are extraordinary and learn unique so we need to work around that so the entirety of our understudies get similar training as the other. You can utilize exercises in your homeroom that accompany behaviorism and that will profit your understudies from multiple points of view. For instance take ten sentences that accompany your exercise plan. Let's assume you are instructing about creatures in your group this week you can make up ten sentences and keep single word separate from each sentence. At that point you would list the missing words faulty and have the kids fill in the spaces with the words that are headed toward the side. You can give compensations for their work to animate them in putting forth a valiant effort by giving a sticker for every one they get right. This is a decent method to do it since you have a great possibility of getting at any rate one sticker and all are upbeat yet the majority of the children will do well since they are going to go after som ething beyond one. There are a wide range of speculations in instruction that can help an instructor in the study hall. These all work to give the understudy a superior learning experience. It is the manner in which you use them that will decide whether they work or not for you and your understudies. With behaviorism you have to give positive and negative criticism to your understudy it is that you need to walk a scarce difference so you don't debilitate your understudies from adapting yet make them need to be the best understudy they can be.

Welcome COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thank you for visiting the SIPA Admissions blog. The purpose of the blog is to communicate information regarding admissions, financial aid, and SIPA related news. You can ensure that news is delivered to by subscribing to this blog. In the right hand menu you will find a place to enter your email address. When you enter your address and click the Subscribe button, each time a new entry is posted on this site you will receive an email update. This blog will replace the digital newsletter formerly sent by email. To view an archive of the newsletters sent in the past, please click here. If you have any questions feel free to contact us by sending an email to us at sipa_admission@columbia.edu.

Virgin Organizational Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1400 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Virgin Groups (History) Virgin was started in 1970 by Sir Richard Branson. Today, it is one of the worlds biggest brands in many sectors like financial services, travel, music, transportation, mobile telephony, music and fitness. With 300 companies worldwide, virgin employs about 50,000 people in 30 countries, its global branded revenues in 2009 Â £11.5 billion (About Virgin, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Virgin Organizational Culture" essay for you Create order In 1968, Richard Branson issued his magazine student. To the surprise of his family he sold 50,000 copies of his magazine. In 1970, he dropped out of school and started Virgin, it began as a mail-order record company, at that time a new has been introduced that enabled people to sell records at prices that were discounted and Branson took advantage of this law. Branson new company was an instant success, sales boosted. Then, a postal strike negatively affected the mail order business. Branson changed his strategy. He opened a small record store and it was successful, many other stores followed. Many setbacks followed the strike such as tax rates and labor strikes. However, Bransons character helped him overcome these obstacles because he enjoyed overcoming new challenges. He chose to name his company virgin because it means his lack of knowledge of the type of business he entered into. In the late 1970s Virgin sponsored many bands that became very popular in the UK. During the ear ly 1980s Branson started the airline industry by flying people between America and London. He offered entertainment and unique features for passengers. During the early 1990s Virgin Atlantic opened routes to Tokyo, Greece, Hongkong and several U.S. cities Branson continued to sign records with big stars and make millions of dollars and expand his stores to new areas. Bransons extraordinary management methods was one of the key reasons of virgins success during the 1970s and 1980s, Branson favored slacks and sweaters and abandoned the traditional formal workplace suits and ties, furthermore another technique that Branson used was that he operated his holding company from his private barge relying on his personal assistant to keep him in contact with his administrative staff, Bransons barge was located in the industrial regents canal (Virgin Groups Company History) Introduction to Organizational Culture Cultural Functions It is hard to define a culture in a single way; culture is a broad word that can be adjusted on each and every nation differently. Not limited to nations, societies, and individuals, culture can be seen everywhere even in companies and organizations. Culture contains several values, principles, beliefs and behavioral style, artifacts, language and ceremonies, inside and outside an organization, where the employees can contribute to the organization within its rules and boarders. In the industry each and every union customs their own traditions, an organization will set its own culture based on its needs and requirement to represent itself (Components of Culture, 2005). The organizational culture is important to indentify the companys identity which will be successful by introducing three important functions (Principles of Management, 2008): Control system: this function basically states what the organization managers and staff are allowed and not allowed to do, it stays withi n certain rules that the work force of the company should follow, and it states their behavior. Social glue: it is driving the employees to feel more belonging and integrated to the organization as it fitful their needs and social networking, and to be an important role in this company. Sense making: this important area helps the employees to understand how the company functions, what are their goals, vision, values and how do they practice in their daily life to move forward with it. These important functions also apply on Virgin, since the 1980s Branson had his own unique style of management. He gave managers the authority and full control over the projects that he established. He heavily relied on a group of executives that he selected, he trusted them and allowed them to work in their Divisions with minimum interference, based on their performance Branson offered his executives high-value incentives. An example of Bransons innovative techniques to break up his large- less personal organizations into smaller units he disbanded his record enterprise into five companies by the late 1980s, each of which focused on different artists and bands. In addition, he empowered his employees to take risks without fear of failure. He is also well known to be an adventurer and a risk-taker (Virgin Groups Company History) Adaptive Culture Ethical Culture A culture of an organization is not only affected internally, it could also get affected externally, where it is very important for any organizations culture to be adaptive to change as the employees focus on changing the culture aligned with the environment surrounding it based on its needs and to keep track with the changes (Principles of Management, 2008). To create adaptive culture, there must be a strong communication between the staff and departments; therefore Virgins way of communication is well-built, where Branson is accessible easily for all staff to listen, understand what the employee needs to take this company to the higher level. Branson is a good example of a manager, where he gets to fly in the economy class and help in serving food, that makes him live the moment and observe what needs to be changed in his company (Brown, 2010). An organization should not only have an adaptive culture, but also it should encourage having an ethical culture where their employees can practice their values ethically and competing with honor (Principles of Management, 2008), for instance Virgin airlines; they look for people who are optimistic, enthusiastic and humble. The airline uses behavioral event interviewing, in which applicants are asked questions to Indicate particular behaviors and motivations that align with a Virgin Blue personality template (Breaking in a new culture: the Virgin Blue story, 2010). Strengthen the Organization Cultural Strategies Changing and strengthen the organization culture could be done in so many ways, one of the factors is the actions of the leaders and founders where they got the opportunity to set the standard for the company (Principles of Management, 2008), just like what Virgins high profiled leaders did, the reason behind the success, it is because it has 12 members who were there from the start and they established the culture of virgin (Breaking in a new culture: the Virgin Blue story, 2010). Another way of strengthen the culture is by consistent rewards for the employees to encourage them to behave in a certain way, not limited to rewards but in addition selecting and socializing employees that could blend in with the organization culture. Moreover, aligning artifacts where sharing the stories and the support of the culture and celebrating their goals (Principles of Management, 2008). Virgin did not neglect their employees, Branson is a generous man, where he opens his house for staff partie s, send them Christmas gifts, give them responsibilities to make them have the sense of ownership as they are well treated with autonomy (Brown, 2010) Nothing comes without planning and strategizing, so does the culture where there are some strategies to merge different organizational cultures (Principles of Management, 2008): Assimilation: it is when an employee gains the cultural values from a company, and it works best when a company has a weak culture. Deculturation: it is basically stripping a company from its own culture and enforce new rules and values on it, and this happens when a certain culture doesnt work for a company that needs to change. Integration: it is based on combining two cultures into one advanced culture and put it into the best picture; this case can work in an existing culture to improve it. Separation: this case happens while merging companies, however, they agree on remaining different as their business pattern requires different cultures. Conclusion Virgin have their own values such as value for money simple, but not cheap, quality values, values for challenges, brilliant customer service, enjoyment and having fun Humor, but not offensive, and last but not least value for innovation Thinking outside the box (Brown, 2010). To conclude, culture is an important broad topic, and it shapes the identity of an individual or a company, it is recommended for every new entry in the industry to clarify their values, beliefs and rules to have a strong presence in the market, any organizations culture should always be fit within the environment, moderately strong and adaptive, managers should always be aware of presenting their brand in the best way possible, and culture is one of the elements that will help creating the companys brand.

Honour Killings - 2634 Words

Honour killing, india’s continuing shame Honour killing, india’s continuing shame SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY Prof. seema dutta AMAN BANSAL ROLL NO-212017 OBJECTIVES Every research has an objective in mind when he or she starts his or her research on any topic and in the course of the research process the researcher’s job is to fulfill his or her objective. In my present research endeavors to show why honor killing take place, the concept of honor killing, the communal aspect of honor killing,history of honor killing, and, finally, the increasing trend of honor killing in†¦show more content†¦Even mothers whose daughters have been killed in the name of honor often condone such violent acts.. In addition, communal acceptance of â€Å"honor† killings furthers the claim that violence in the name of â€Å"honor† is a private issue and one to be avoided by law enforcement. Community acceptance of these killings stifles accurate reporting of the number of violent crimes against women in the name of â€Å"honor.† As a result, the true extent of the prevalence of â€Å"honor† killings is still not fully known The murder of women in the name of â€Å"honor† is a gender-specific form of discrimination and violence. In societies where so-called honor killings are allowed to occur, governments are failing in their responsibility to protect and ensure women their human rights. â€Å"Honor† killings should be regarded as part of a larger spectrum of violence against women, as well as a serious human rights violation. Amnesty International calls on you to help bring an end to â€Å"honor† killings, and to demand that governments take steps to ensure that women and men enjoy equal treatment under law. ------------------------------------------------- History of Honor Killing The history of such killings in India has its roots rooted deep since the time of partition of the country between the years 1947 and 1950 when many women were forcefully killed so that family’s honor could be preserved. The influence of religionShow MoreRelatedHonour Killing : An Evil Of Society2216 Words   |  9 PagesHonour Killing: An Evil of Society with reference to Khap Panchayat Introduction Honour Killing’ is a cultural crime or a cultural tradition prevalent amongst non-Caucasian Societies which perceive women as bearers of family honour. Honour Killing of women can be defined as acts of murder inRead MoreHonour Killing1120 Words   |  5 PagesHONOR KILLING | | What is Honour Killing? * An honour killing (also called a customary killing) happens when a person is murdered by a family member out of the belief or suspicion that the victim has brought shame to the family, clan or community.Murdering the person is believed to salvage the family’s honour. * An honor killing or honour killing(also called a customary killing) is the killing of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief of the perpetratorsRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 PagesSweden Honour killings in Pakistan under Theoretical, Legal and Religious Perspectives An Analytical Study of Honour killings Abuse and Disconnecting Islam from This Ancient Brutal Tradition Author MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED, 27-05-2010 Malmà ¶ University Malmà ¶, Sweden Abstract This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called â€Å"honour killings† in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of â€Å"honour killings† by lookingRead MoreTake the Honour Out of Killing795 Words   |  4 PagesSummary of Take the honour out of killing. â€Å"Take the honour out of killing† is written by Fareena Alam andit’s about honour killing which is a big problem for Muslim women. The victim Rukhsana Naz a 19-year-old girl who got strangled by her mother and brother because she had brought sham at her family, she got pregnant without wedlock. Honour killing is not only a problem for Muslims. Stuart Horgan shot dead his ex-girlfriend and her sister. Most migrant’s families are patriarchal, where theRead MoreCaptain James Macnamar Trial At The Old Bailey On Manslaughter Charges Stemming Essay2185 Words   |  9 Pagescounter the prosecution by highlighting the defendant’s actions in relation to another code, the English code of honour. In spite of a strong prosecution, the jury’s verdict of not guilty in MacNamara is reflective of the vast majority of English criminal trials involving duelists being ruled in favour of the defendants, demonstrating the subversion of English criminal law by the code of honour in the Georgian period (1714-1830). MacNamara (1803) On 6 April 1803, Captain James MacNamara and ColonelRead MoreThe Honor Tug Of War2009 Words   |  9 Pagesthrough the story telling of a recently passed on Lord. The fourth stanza of the ballad explains how Robert Lord Devereux achieved his honor on the battlefield by stating â€Å"All men that is and was, / evermore still: / One day as it was soone, / in honour of our Queene, / Such deeds hath nere bin seene, / as he did doe.† (Pepys 27-32). This quote demonstrates that Devereux completed tasks on the battlefield to gain honor from the Queen that others would be hesitant to do themselves. In the next stanzaRead MoreEssay on The Issue With Honor Killings1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthe human race has to deal with and one of them is honor killings. This is an issue that has not been completely touched upon because it is not and an issue that everyone gets to see. The main idea is to understand what an honor killing is and what’s its status around the world but specifica lly to the country that is Pakistan. One main point that should be remembered is that it is all based off of tradition and not religion. A honor killing is a violent action towards a person that has brought shameRead MoreFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern?2937 Words   |  12 PagesFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern? The definition of femicide is the killing of women and girls because of their gender; it may include methods of torture, mutilation, cruelty and sexual violence. Due to deep cultural traditions and premonitions, many nations- particularly third world countries- are facing a future where the sighting of a female in the community will be a rarity. In the past femicide has been closely associated with the ongoing gender based foeticide in India and China;Read MoreDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesand representation; and the dynamics of gender and the question of women’s rights in the Middle East (Columbia). Lughod in her book Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? sets out to get rid of stereotypes that muslim women because of frequent ‘honor killings’ and the practice of veiling need to be rescued. She coins the term for the exploration of saving muslim women ‘Islamland.’ There is the perpetuating stereotype and dominant narrati ve that muslim women need saving and islam is a threatening cultureRead MoreHypocrisy Of So Called Honor Killings2004 Words   |  9 PagesSo-Called â€Å"Honor Killings† Every year, similar stories of a young girl or woman murdered by her own family occur. The plot is simple. A girl develops an innocent romantic relationship with a man of her age and soon, her family finds out about her relationship. Or, a girl’s parents have planned an arranged marriage for their daughter but she does not accept the suitor. In both cases, the family feels disrespected by the girl and so she has to be killed. This is also known as an â€Å"honor killing†. Every year

Price Hike in Bangladesh Free Essays

ABOUT RECENT PRICE HIKE IN Bangladesh| March 4 2010 | Prepared For-Kaikobad Rana Sir| Submitted By-Overcome Group| Group Members Of Overcome- * Group Leader- MD Sazzadur Rahman Chowdhury ID-082011013, Sec-A, 3rd Semester * Administrator- Riad Morshed Chowdhury ID-082011012, Sec-A, 3rd Semester * Researcher- A. F. M Maruf Rahman ID-082011035, Sec-A, 3rd Semester * Members- MD Rafiqul Islam ID-082011022, Sec-A, 3rd Semester Atiqur Rahman ID-082011017, Sec-A, 3rd Semester Mostafizur Rahman ID-082011282, Sec-A, 3rd Semester Rashedul Hasan ID-082011008, Sec-A, 3rd Semester Nishat Ahmed ID-082011009, Sec-A, 3rd Semester Lubna Ahmed Luna ID-082011040, Sec-A, 3rd Semester 4th March, 2010 Kaikobad Rana Lecturer Department of Fashion Design Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology Lalmatia, Dhaka. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Hike in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Subject: Submission of Term Paper. Sir, As the course requirement of DES-102, we were assigned to do a job regarding the topic of Price Hike. We have provided our best effort to complete our tasks according to the requirements. We tried to complete our tasks by doing different research works and from our limited knowledge. It is a matter of great pleasure for us to present the report on time. We will very glad if the report can fulfill its purpose. Thank you, Sincerely yours MD Sazzadur Rahman Chowdhury Riad Morshed Chowdhury A. F. M Maruf Rahman MD Rafiqul Islam Atiqur Rahman Mostafizur Rahman Rashedul Hasan Nishat Ahmed Lubna Ahmed Luna ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First we want to thanks our faculty who give me this opportunity to do this research. Who helped and guided me to do this research accurately. Secondly we want to thanks Kaikobad Rana Sir for his uncondetional support. I also want to thanks all the people who participate in our survey. And my entire friend circle. And last but not lest my God. Thank you. ABSTRACT THE MAIN REASONS AND PUBLIC’S REACTION ABOUT RECENT PRICE HIKE IN Bangladesh We choose this topic â€Å"THE MAIN REASONS AND PUBLIC’S REACTION ABOUT RECENT PRICE HIKE IN Bangladesh† because recently the price hiking problem has become the main social problem in Bangladesh. People are suffering most in this problem now specially the poor people. There are many reasons behind this problem. But we think formation of syndicate and corruption is the main reason behind this. But international market price, fuel cost, power crisis, natural disaster, transportation problem, illegal toll collection, action against corruption by the caretaker Government, street vendors and illegal construction drive by the joint forces, lack of communication and co-ordination in between different Government officers etc are also responsible for recent price hike in Bangladesh. And the rate of this price hike is very fast. Even the military back Government was failed to solve this problem. They were not able to find the root behind this problem due to lack of appropriate monitoring system. But just the Government can solve this problem by using his intelligence agency, by introducing effective monitoring system, by improving law amp; order and by identifying the evil syndicate groups. But it is not a very easy job. The support of general public is also needed to solve this problem. FINDING The main reasons behind this problem: The prices of commodities are almost uniform across the capital, which only implies that a group of people are fixing the prices and that they have enough clout in the market to be able to decide what the prices should be. * Corruption of so called political leaders, corruption of different Government officials and law enforcing agency is the main reason behind this problem. We can solve this problem by taking the following measures. * Identify the syndicate groups. * By improvin g law and order. * By framing appropriate laws by the Government to eliminate middle classes in trading. By introducing effective monitoring system. TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE| PAGE NUMBER| | | INTRODUCTION| 6| RESEARCH AREA| 7| HYPOTHESIS| 13| METHODOLOGY| 14| DATA PRESENTATION| 15| DATA ANALYSIS| 16| LIMITATION| 28| CONCLUSION| 29| RECOMMENDATION| 30| PUBLIC’S RECOMMENDATION| 31| REFERENCE LIST| 32| INTRODUCTION With the price increase of essentials capturing headlines of our national newspapers and TVs almost everyday. Because this price hiking problem has become the main social problem in Bangladesh. People are suffering most in this problem specially the poor peoples. There are many reasons behind this problem. According to The finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Al-Muhit, â€Å"international price hike of essential necessities as being responsible for high domestic prices. † Of course, international market price is also responsible for domestic inflation, but only partially. The ministers’s statement simply ignored other domestic factors, many of which created by the action by the Government, and also some of which created by the previous government. According to our study we identify some supply-side factors as being responsible, such as hoarding, and loss of business confidence, administered energy price hike, international price hike of essential commodities, bribe and illegal toll collection, structural and institutional constraints etc. corruption of so called political leaders and different government officials etc are also responsible for this problem. And if the food price is not controlled, the inflation rate may reach double-digit level very soon which is currently 7. 5%. In our research paper we tried to figure out these reasons. And we tried to find some solution about this problem. we also tried to figure out the bad effects of this problem. we hope by reading this paper the readers will able to figure out the main reasons behind this problem and also able to reduce or solve this problem. RESEARCH AREA In our proposal paper our had mentioned some question at which point we did like to investigate to prove our hypothesis. Our question were gt; What is the main reason behind this recent price hike in Bangladesh? gt; Is corruption and local syndicate only responsible about this price hike? gt; What should be the role of government to reduce this price hike? gt; How can we solve it? Obviously formation of syndicate and hoarding by them, corruption, power failure, traffic fames and load-shading, international price hike of essential commodities, bribe and illegal toll collection, structural and institutional constraints etc. according to Ahmed. T. (2009), the oil crisis of 1973, when oil prices increased in expo nential proportions, was not so much due to shortage of oil supply as it was due to the decision of the major oil exporters, Arab states, to increase the prices. It was not that oil reserves had suddenly sunk through the floor or that its demand had shot through the ceiling. In strictly economic terms, a handful of oil exporters were in collusion, which led to dramatic increases in global oil prices. The entire western world was affected and the sudden price hike resulted in a long-term recession ending decades of economic boom. It was also the first time that the United States faced an oil shortage since the Second World War. The Arab states had succeeded in their intent to use oil as a weapon against those not friendly to their cause. It is perhaps a classic example of collusive oligopoly. The situation in the current-day Dhaka markets is similar except that the collusion does not concern one item but several ~ mostly such essential food items as rice, wheat, potatoes, lentils, edible oil, onions and milk powder. According to a report in Amar Desh (May 11, 2009), prices of essential food items have increased 25 per cent on an average in the past four months. According to a report in New Age (May 11, 2009), prices rose between five and 50 per cent during the same period ~ most of it under the military-backed interim government of Fakhruddin Ahmed that assumed office after the proclamation of a state of emergency on January 11. According to the government’s own statistics, inflation increased from just fewer than six per cent in January this year to almost 7. 5 per cent by March. While the government appears to be in denial suggesting that inflation is not really out of control and quite below the danger level, experts fear that it might, in fact, have crossed the double-digit mark driven by the soaring food prices. According to SLATE magazine (2009), about our very own mafia groups that group has come to be known, and often referred to in the media, as the syndicate. Despite the fact that academics, researchers and even politicians have acknowledged such collusion, its existence is denied upfront, both by government officials and businesspeople, in a manner that can be likened to that regarding the mafia. For the longest time, the existence of the mafia, or rather Cosa Nostra, was denied by insiders as well as government officials till misconceptions and myths were laid to rest by, what came to be known as, the Maxi Trial in a court in Sicily over a hundred years after its existence was officially reported. As for the syndicate, it has proved to be invincible and even immune to a state of emergency, which has not been able to curb It’s potential for collusion and thereby manipulation of the prices. The tenure of the BNP-Jamaat alliance government saw two changes of commerce ministers, each given the sack for the same reason, while the last one had utterly failed in his pledge to rein in the prices of essentials. The invincibility of the syndicate was perhaps never felt with such force as it was on July 25, 2006 at a monthly luncheon meeting of the American Chamber of Commerce in Bangladesh. The third commerce minister of the last government, Hafiz Uddin Ahmed, squarely put the responsibility of controlling the prices of essentials on other ministries and went so far as to suggest that the government should set up another ministry for the Task. „The Consumer Protection Act is being scrutinized now and I have urged the food ministry to make anti-hoarding laws for checking unscrupulous trader’s syndicates and hoarders,†he said. He also suggested that the finance and food Ministries were better equipped to tackle the matter. It was just three months after Hafiz had taken up his new portfolio on April 26 with the pledge to reduce prices of essentials within a month. Barely a week earlier, at a meeting with businesspeople at his office, he assumed a dramatically different tone and harped on a different note, although, even then, it was obvious that his success in bringing down the prices of essentials was at the mercy of the businesspeople. On July 19, Hafiz announced to the press ~ following the meeting ~ that the intelligence agencies had identified the members of the syndicate „who were involved in manipulating prices through hoarding and other means. But he only â€Å"hoped that the relevant ministry would take Necessary action. His comments about the meeting betrayed his helplessness and utter Inability to hold sway over the businessmen. „They have given us assurance that they will not make any windfall profit by making the people hostage, said Hafiz about the traders present at the meeting. With hindsight it appears that the minister did his best to divert attention from the syndicates citing a marked difference of prices between wholesalers and retailers, and the producers and wholesalers that he suggested added to the woes of the people. M Saifur Rahman, then the minister for finance and planning, and perhaps the most influential cabinet member of the BNP-led government, when approached with the possibility of reducing import tariffs on essential food items, told the press, it never paid off. He said the prices would decrease for a short while but resume their rising trend soon after. Instead, he suggested, the syndicates that manipulated the prices were the main reason behind the price hike and had to be dealt with decisively. But government officials deny their existence quite categorically despite overwhelming circumstantial facts that testify exactly the opposite. The commerce secretary was quoted in January as saying they are „yet to receive any conclusive evidence on the existence of syndicates?. He went further to substantiate his claim asking, „When the prices went up everyone was blaming syndicates. But now that they are going down how come everybody is quiet? If there was a syndicate why are the prices coming down? He did partially admit to their existence since former ministers had claimed that syndicates exist. But the rebuff of a prominent businessman, quoted in New Age’s weekend supplement Xtra on January 12, smacks of the classic mafia disclaimer. â€Å"I read about this regularly in newspapers but I have never seen one or been a part of it,† says Mostafa Kamal, chairman of the Meghna Group, one of the leading importers of edible oil, powdered Milk and sugar. â€Å"How, where and when are questions people who accuse us of syndication should answer,† he said. It is alleged that the Meghna Group is among the leading syndicate members in the country. Hossain. E. (2009), programmed officer of the Consumers Association of Bangladesh, echoed the general apprehension. â€Å"I have attended meetings at the commerce ministry where powerful and well-known businessmen have directly threatened government officials with cutting out supply if they did not accept their chosen prices,† he told Xtra. According to the Daily Star (May 18 2009), a report of the Centre for Policy Dialogue, a research organization, based on records of the National Board of Revenue, found that a strong cartel accounted for a substantial share of the imports. The report says the top five importers have accounted for importing 96 per cent raw sugar, 46 per cent refined sugar, 67 per cent crude soybean oil, 60 per cent crude palm oil, 49 per cent wheat, 37 per cent rice, 31 per cent lentil, and 31 per cent onion of national imports till March of this fiscal year. While the report did not mention any names, a number of reports in other newspapers have done so. For instance, according to a report of Amar Desh (May 11, 2009) the TK Group, the Meghna Group and the City Group account for 65 per cent of edible oil imports. The next three ~ the SA Group, the MEB Group and the Marine Group ~ account for another 25 per cent of the imports. Quoting sources, the report says traders of Dhaka and Chittagong are the major importers of lentils, ginger, garlic and other essentials that come from India. It goes on to mention the names of Shathi Enterprise, Seven Star and Banijjya Bhandar from Dhaka, Rumpa Enterprise of Bogura, Pahari Enterprise, AB Trading and Akhter Impex of Chittagong as significant market players. When the country is badly shaken by the unprecedented floods there is another alarming factor—the price hike of essentials that is slowly but very steadily engulfing the rural life of the common people. It is appalling that one kg of green chili costs you TK 200! There are no vegetables that cost you less than TK 30 per kg! It also creates shortage of foods. That also increases the price of essentials. Similarly other factors such as power failure, international market price, fuel cost, power crisis, natural disaster, transportation problem, illegal toll collection, action against corruption by the caretaker Government, street vendors and illegal construction drive by the joint forces, lack of communication and co-ordination in between different Government officers etc factors are also responsible for recent price hike in Bangladesh. By taking serious action and frame effective laws for the elimination of the middle men groups existing various trading circles and to control bribery in between law enforcing agencies and traders. By minimize the traffic jams and load shadings. By forming a strong co-ordination efforts and monitoring system, established for the cooperation, co-ordination and exchange of information in between different Government officials entrusted to check price level. By identifying syndicate groups and taking appropriate action against them. The Government can control the price. By creating awareness against corruption and establish a price list for all kinds of goods to control price hike. And by electing an honest and stable Government, the general people can solve this problem. HYPOTHESIS There are many reasons behind this recent price hike in Bangladesh. But we think formation of syndicate and corruption is the main reason behind this. But international market price, fuel cost, power crisis, natural disaster, transportation problem, illegal toll collection, action against corruption by the caretaker Government, street vendors and illegal construction drive by the joint forces, lack of communication and co-ordination in between different Government officers etc are also responsible for recent price hike in Bangladesh. And the rate of this price hike is very fast. Even the military back Government was failed to solve this problem. They were not able to find the root behind this problem due to lack of appropriate monitoring system. But just the Government can solve this problem by using his intelligence agency, by introducing effective monitoring system, by improving law amp; order and by identifying the evil syndicate groups. But it is not a very easy job. The support of general public is also needed to solve this problem. METHODOLOGY There are two types of data in my research paper. . Primary Data. amp; 2. Secondary Data Primary Data:- We have collected my primary data to figure out the mail reasons and public’s reaction about recent price hike in Bangladesh by conducting a survey on 30 general people. To do that survey first we had prepared some questions and some suitable answer against each question. After that we went out for general people to conduct our survey. The shopkeepers, doctor s, teachers, tailors, chemists, retired peoples, servants, housewives and students were the people who were participate in our survey. We have had some difficulties to conduct our survey. We had very little time to conduct this survey. Within this short period of time we had to find 30 peoples of different classes. People of all class were participating in our survey. Some of them did not know hoe to write and read. We had to read and translated my question for them. After knowing there answers we filled the answers for them. Thus we completed our survey to get our primary data. Secondary Data:- We have collected my secondary data mostly from different websites such as â€Å"www. vjel. org, www. unnayan. rg† etc, different newspaper such as â€Å"The daily star, The New Age† etc, and from different magazines. DATA PRESENTATION CAPTION: A survey has been taken of 30 people for the topic of â€Å"The main reasons and public’s reaction about recent price hike in Bangladesh. Question No. | Option A| Option B| Option C| Option D| 1| 63%| 40%| 0%| 6. 67%| 2| 48. 67%| 23. 33%| 20%| *| 3| 83. 33%| 3. 3 3%| 13. 33%| *| 4| 43. 33%| 43. 33%| 13. 33%| *| 5| 20%| 63. 33%| 16. 67%| *| 6| 30%| 30%| 46. 67%| *| 7| 53%| 16. 67%| 10%| *| 8| 3. 33%| 16. 67%| 46. 67%| 26. 67%| 9| 13. 33%| 26. 67%| 50%| *| 10| 36. 7%| 30%| 26. 67%| *| 11| 53%| 10%| 26. 67%| *| 12| 66. 67%| 20%| 3. 33%| *| 13| 46. 67%| 10%| 33. 33%| 16. 67%| 14| 10%| 53%| 0%| 46. 67%| 15| 36. 67%| 46. 67%| 23. 33%| *| TABLE: THE SURVEY RESULT DATA ANALYSIS Recently we have done a survey for about 30 people to find the main reasons behind this recent price hike in Bangladesh. For this survey we prepared a set of question consisting of 16 questions. According to Our survey here we analysis some of the important questions from my questioner. Question No: 1| A| B| C| D| What do you think aboutthe main reason behindthis recent price hike? Formation of Syndicates| Corruption| Extortion| Taking bribe from traders| Chart 1: The survey result of question no: 1 Question No: 2| A| B| C| Do you thinkthereis any Syndicate groupsinvolved in price hike? | Yes, because the governmentCan’t control the price. | No, there is no syndicate groups exist| May be, not sure| Chart 2: The survey result of question no: 2 According to my survey, in reply of my first question 63% people said formation of Syndicates is the main reason behind this recent price hike. While 40% people said corruption is the main reason behind this. In reply of my second question 83. 33% people said syndicate groups are involved in price hike because the government can? t control the price. In my survey most of the people think the syndicate groups are mainly responsible for this problem. These syndicate groups controlling the price by hoarding. Hoarding by businesses has been widely blamed by many as being main culprit behind the current crisis. Indeed, if we let aside moral issues, hoarding markets perfect economic sense to businesses and that is why they build up stocks to make larger profits. For example suppose the current market price of a NOKIA 1202 mobile phone is TK 1800. Now let us assume that for some unknown reasons, the price of the same brand mobile is expected or any mobile phone dealer in the market sell NOKIA 1202 at the lower price now or wait to sell at the higher price a month later? What would happen to the current market price of NOKIA 1202, if most dealers hold off selling? This is exactly how inflationary expectation, expectation about future price hike, leads to hoarding, creates shortage, raises current market price and, finally, brings larger profits for businesses. From the above analysis we conclude that the syndicate groups are nothing but a well-known business farms, run by well-known business man. But the syndicates, for all their collusion, manipulation and public denial, are not entirely responsible for the price hike. There are other related factors some of which are compelling, even more than syndication. To begin with, production costs hav e risen and So have the prices. But it gives an impression that the farmers are linked to the market and thereby benefit from the price rises at the consumer end. That is hardly the case. They are paid the bare minimum below which the farmers cannot afford to cultivate crops the next year. And prices at their end have increased only marginally over the years. The real value addition (pun intended) to agricultural produce begins with the middlemen who buy from farmers. Along the supply chain there are warehouses, wholesalers, retailers and micro-retailers often with several more layers of middlemen sandwiched among them. Reports in the media indicate that prices, especially those of vegetables, appreciate by up to 500 per cent between the farmer and the end-consumer. That is how the middleman also controlling the market price. And the Government is not able to identify them, catch them, and even control them. Even the Government has blamed international market price hike of essential commodities as being responsible for high domestic prices to cover their failure. The Government has failed to solve this problem due to the corrupted Government officers and corrupted law enforcing agencies. They are not willing to monitor the market price. They are just willing to take bribe. Again lack of communication and co-ordination in between different Government officers and lack of communication system in between different Upozela and districts head quarters with the capital is also responsible for this recent price hike. Question No: 3| A| B| C| Which political factors are responsible for price hike? | Blockade and strike| Corruption of so called political leaders| Conflict between political parties| Chart 3: The survey result of question no: 3 According to my survey, in reply of my third question, 63. 33% of people said corruption of so called political leaders is the main political factor behind this price hike. And only A B 20% of people said blockade and strike is responsible for this. Political leaders are not actually political leaders. Actually they are political business man. They invest there money to own the party nomination and also own the election. Actually they bought there place in Parliament. After wining the election they start to gain black money as much as they can. And they gain it by corruption. And that’s why the price of essential commodities is increasing day by day. This political don’t care about the general people, they just care about themselves. Even they don’t know how uch black money they have gained by corruption. The current anti-corruption drive by the Caretaker Government clearly shows the statistic how much black money they have gained through corruption. That’s why the corruption of so called political leaders also responsible for recent price hikes. Question No: 4| A| B| C| D| What| Bribe amp; illegal| Traffic| Power failures| L ackof| structuralamp;institutional constraints are mainlyresponsible for thisrecent price hike? | toll collection| congestion| | storage capacity| Chart 4: The survey result of question no: 4 According to my survey, in reply of my forth question 46. 67% people said bribe and illegal toll collection is the main structural amp; institutional constraints that are mainly responsible for this recent price hike. And 33. 33% people said power failure is also responsible for this problem. But I think this both factors are equally responsible for this problem The illegal practices of bribes toll collections and associations greatly influence in raising the price of essential commodities. The traders has to paid toll and bribe at each entering point of a town. And this increases the transportation cost of goods. As a result the price is increases. And the Government has failed to stop this because of the involvement of corrupted law enforcing officers. While the Scarcity increases the opportunity cost of any service and provides opportunities for corruption. The acute shortage of generation capacity and its consequent effects – frequent load-shedding, low voltage and low frequency – on different economic sectors, as well as on essential services such as water supply, hospitals, and telecommunications, have opened up doors for many types of corruption. That is also responsible for this recent price hike. Why that is happening? Because of the corruption of the employee of DESA and PDB. According to the Transparency International Bangladesh (2006), ? A Ledger Keeper in DESA, a very low level employee, became the envy of many when he purchased a house in a middle-income residential area of Dhaka for Tk 3. 8 million and an allotment in a shopping arcade. ? Many Assistant Engineers of BPDB own private cars, which they cannot afford to buy and maintain on their official salary. A particular Assistant Engineer, with close links with the Collective Bargaining Agent, comes to office in a luxury four-wheeler, while another mints money by making various interventions in the name of a minister. ? A meter reader who was placed under suspension joined the ruling political party, got his job bank, became a CBA leader, and is now the happy owner of two houses and a shop. ? A corrupt and overweight meter reader, who employed agents to do his job an d concentrated on eating instead, was transferred from Dhaka to an outstation by an over-zealous DESA officer. Fretting and fuming, the reader came to see a very senior DESA official and told him in no uncertain terms, â€Å"Sir, I have been working for 25 years in one place and nobody dared to touch me. You have not done well by transferring me. I will see how you can move me. † Sure enough, he stayed where he was, with the help of his co-operative union leaders. And due to this corruption load shading occurs frequently, as a result the price of essential goods is increasing rapidly. Question No: 5| A| B| C| Do you think natural disaster, street vendors and illegal construction drive by the joint forces are also responsible for recent price hike? Yes| No| Partly responsible| | | | | | | 4 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chart 5: The survey result of question no: 5 According to our survey, in reply of our fifth question 46. 67% people said natural disaster; street vendors and illegal construction d rive by the joint forces are partly responsible for recent price hike. And equal number of people said yes and no. But we think it is responsible and why? You will find your answer right now. When the country is badly shaken by the unprecedented floods there is another alarming factor the price hike of essentials that is slowly but very steadily engulfing the rural life of the common people. It is appalling that one kg of green chili costs you TK 200! There are no vegetables that cost you less than TK 30 per kg! It also creates shortage of foods. That also increases the price of essentials. And that’s why we think natural disaster is directly responsible for price hike, but the others are partly responsible. Question No: 6| A| B| C| D| How can the| By taking| Identifying the| By improving| By improving| Government| necessary steps| syndicate| traffic| law amp; order| control the price hike? | to stop cross border smuggling of fuel and fertilizer| groups| congestion| | Chart 6: The survey result of question no: 6 According to our survey, most of the people said we can able to control the price by identifying the syndicate groups and by improving law amp; order. If the government framed strong laws to improve the law and order we can able to identify the syndicate groups and also able to control the price of essential goods. To 4. 67 Improve this situation the personals of different law enforcing agencies should immediately be deployed in different trading centers, sea port, river ports, and land ports to check up and down of price level due to hoarding black marketing of essential food grains and other food items. Thus we can improve the current situation. Question No: 7| A| B| C| Which methods can be most applicable toreduce or improve this problem? | By framing appropriate law by the Government to eliminate middle classes in trading. | By introducing effectivemonitoring system. By re-introducing old rationingsystem by the Government to stable the prices| Chart 7: The survey result of question no: 7 According to our survey, in reply of my seventh question 46. 67% people said by introducing effective monitoring system we can able to reduce this problem. And 36. 67% people said we can solve this problem by framing appropriate law to eliminate middle classes in trading. We are passing through a revolution ary communication and contract system due to the introduction of most modern computer and mobile communication system in our country. It is now very easy for the Government to established scientific monitoring systems and cells to keep constant observation data collection and exchange of information? s about the causes up and down, price level of important food items and essential commodities. According to our survey most of the people said the rate of price hike is quite fast. And the general public’s can help the Government to remove this problem. Most of the people in Bangladesh can afford to meet their family essential commodities, but they said it was very tough. Surprisingly the upper class people are also by price hike. Most of the people agree to that if laws and regulation enforced properly, it is practically possible to reduce this price hike. And the general peoples can also play a big role to solve this problem. LIMITATION We had very little time to do that survey. If we had enough time we may go out of Dhaka to find the poorest people. We want to take the interview of the poorest people. We had also faced lots of obstacles, but after all of these obstacles finally We finished our research paper and we are quite satisfied about it. CONCLUSION Given the scenario in Bangladesh, any measure to control prices, barring one that addresses the syndicates, is bound to be band-aid-like ~ a bit of eyewash. That is perhaps the first area where the government should focus in its bid to reduce the prices of essential items. But it is not possible for the Government to reduce this problem alone. The general people, the mass media everybody should came forward to help the Government to reduce this problem. Other wise the price of essential commodities will increase day by day. And nobody will able to control this problem. How to cite Price Hike in Bangladesh, Papers

Bridgewater State College Guidelines Not An Essay free essay sample

Bridgewater State College Guidelines, Not An Essay. Essay, Research Paper Bridgewater State College Help Exit Your online application has been marked complete. It will be reviewed by the Admissions Office when we receive your non-refundable application fee of $ 20.00 for all appliers. After finishing the information requested below, delight print this page ( s ) , mark and day of the month it, and direct it with a cheque or money order to the undermentioned reference: Office of Admissions Bridgewater State College Bridgewater, MA 02325 U. S. A. Particular PROGRAMS: ( Please look into if applicable ) ______ PROGRESS ( provides single support services to pupils from racial minorities and/or disadvantaged backgrounds ) ______ Outreach ( a plan for older pupils ) ______ New England Regional Program ______ Senior Citizen ( 65 and older ) OTHER Needed Documents: ? Official High School Transcript? Official Transcripts from any College Attended? Official SAT I or ACT trial tonss? Essay Optional Material: ? Letterss of Recommendation? Resume of Extracurricular Activities Essay: This subdivision represents an chance for you to supply extra information that will let us to go acquainted with you in ways different from the nonsubjective informations collected in your application file. We will write a custom essay sample on Bridgewater State College Guidelines Not An Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Attach extra pages as necessary to react to one of the following recommended subjects: ? Discourse your academic involvement and calling ends and depict your position of how Bridgewater State College can ease your success. ? Describe an accomplishment or award, a important experience, or a hard challenge you feel has been an of import presentation of personal accomplishment. ? Identify person who looks up to you and explicate why. AUTHORIZATIONI understand that information about appliers that is furnished to Bridgewater State College will be kept confidential and will merely be released to public higher instruction system forces authorized by the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education to have the information, or to educational bureaus and establishments for research survey intents. I hereby attest that the information furnished on this application signifier is complete and accurate. Academic deceit could ensue in forfeiture of monies, transportation recognition, or offer of admission.508747621 _____________________________________ Name ( delight print/type ) _____________________________________ _______________ Signature Date The undermentioned application has been submitted as complete: Term College Degree Major 2001 FALL AS BA UND Thank you for subjecting this online application. As you continue to research the information about Bridgewater State College on our web site, wear # 8217 ; t hesitate to reach the Office of Admissions if we can supply extra aid. I look frontward to reexamining your application and widen my best wants for your success. Sincerely, Steve King Director of Admissions